New Higher Arithmetic continues A. A. Nikolsky's work on the decimal system of counting as a foundation of development. The author treats the whole numbers from 000 to 999 as constants of the development of the chemical elements and builds from them two systems - of metals and of gases - together with their mirror reflections, systems of development and movement, four systems of equilibrium and ten structures of those systems. A separate chapter is given to the formation of human life: the terms of development, the length of the year and of a lifetime, the system-forming elements. The book is built entirely on tables and diagrams of numerical series and continues the earlier Theory of the Human Day and Year and Systems of the Human Day and Year. It is addressed to readers interested in numerical regularities and to researchers working between arithmetic, natural science and anthropology.