Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Ferdinand Peper is a theoretical computer scientist from The Netherlands who is working in a senior research position at Kobe Advanced ICT Research Center, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Japan. He is best known for his research on Nanocomputing, Asynchronous systems, Cellular automaton, Reconfigurable hardware and Instantaneous Noise-based logic. His research goals are to develop next-generation computing and communication architectures and also schemes enhanced by Nanotechnology and Nanoelectronics including Single-electron transistors. Particular topics of his research include the reduction of energy requirement, the exploitation of noise and fluctuations for informatics, and the features of molecular self-organization and self-assembly. He was the Chair of the Fourth International Workshop on Natural Computing and acted as a co-editor of the book Natural Computing. He is a member of editorial board of the International Journal of Unconventional Computing.